This electronic supplement contains an additional table (Table S1, main terrace surface and basal contact offset measurements), an additional figure (Fig. S1, an unrealistic faulting scenario, as a compendium to Fig. 11 in the main article), and a KML file with the fault-trace mapping spanning the Lower Rhine graben.
Table S1. Main terrace surface and basal contact offset measurements.
Figure S1. Unrealistic scenario 4, not considered in Figure 11 in the main article. In this scenario, all Quaternary faulting occurs in the interval from 2.29 to 700 ka. In this scenario, the main terrace surface offset is an apparent displacement, resulting from incision of the main terrace into the hanging wall. Importantly, the main terrace footwall and hanging-wall surfaces are not correlative. This scenario is inconsistent with a number of regional paleoseismological trenching studies that have documented surface faulting in the past 10–100 ka (Camelbeeck and Meghraoui, 1998; Vanneste et al., 1999, 2001; Camelbeeck et al., 2007; Kuebler, 2012; Grützner et al., 2016). Furthermore, this scenario is inconsistent with regional mapping and interpretation of the sedimentary conditions at ~700 ka, during which time significant stream aggradation and regional deposition is interpreted to have occurred (Boenigk and Frechen, 2006). We discard this scenario from further consideration.
Download: Fault Traces KML File [Google Earth keyhole markup language file; ~217 KB]. A KML file depicting the surface trace of faults in the Lower Rhine graben. Mapping was conducted using a light detection and ranging (lidar)-derived 1-m bare earth terrain model and guided by previous mapping efforts (Ahorner, 1962; Knapp et al., 1978; Zitzmann, 1984, 2002; Burghardt, 1987; Houtgast et al., 2002; Geologischer Dienst Nordrhein-Westfalen, 2003; Michon and Van Balen, 2005; Vanneste et al., 2013). Our mapping was conducted at a spatial resolution of ~1:15,000 and is not suitable for use at larger scales. The line work is accompanied by the following attributes: type (e.g., normal fault, lineament); confidence (solid, dash, query, concealed); source (e.g., lidar; Ahorner, 1962; Vanneste et al., 2013); dip direction (e.g., east, west); and length (in meters).
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